1. U.N. Department of Public Information (UNDPI), “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Background Note” (New York: 30 November 2007, and earlier editions); Worldwatch database. All dollar amounts are in 2007 dollars.
2. U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO), “Monthly Summary of Contributors,” at www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/index.htm, viewed 14 January 2008; personnel number also based on William Durch, Henry Stimson Center, Washington, DC, e-mail to author, 9 January 1996, and on Global Policy Forum (GPF), at www.globalpolicy.org/security/peacekpg/data/pkomctab.htm, viewed 2 January 2008.
3. UNDPKO, op. cit. note 2.
4. Ibid.
5. UNDPI, op. cit. note 1; UNDPI, “United Nations Political and Peace-Building Missions. Background Note” (New York: 30 November 2007). The political and peacebuilding missions in Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, and Burundi are directed by the UNDPKO; the others, all much smaller, by the U.N. Department of Political Affairs.
6. UNDPKO, “United Nations Peacekeeping Factsheet,” May 2007.
7. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “Recent Trends in Military Expenditure,” at www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_trends.html, viewed 4 January 2008. SIPRI reports $1,204 billion in 2006 terms; in 2007 dollars, this comes to $1,232 billion.
8. Amy Belasco, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Congressional Research Service, updated 9 November 2007, p. 6. In current dollars, the war costs amount to $607 billion. In 2007 dollars, they amount to $632 billion. This covers budget authority from fiscal year 2003 to 2007, plus budget requests for fiscal year 2008.
9. Foreign military deployments from “World Military Deployments,” at www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/deploy.htm, updated 17 May 2005.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Security Council Report, “January 2008—Chad/CAR,” at www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTI sG/b.3750591, viewed 3 January 2008.
13. U.N. Security Council, Resolution 1769 (2007), New York, 31 July 2007.
14. “Sudan: Waiting for Peacekeeping Muscle in Darfur,” IRIN News, 31 December 2007.
15. UNDPI, op. cit. note 1.
16. Author’s calculation, based on data from UNDPKO, op. cit. note 2. The percentage figures in this and the following paragraph refer to peacekeeping personnel excluding civilian staff.
17. Calculated from UNDPKO, op. cit. note 2.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. UNDPI, op. cit. note 1.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Calculated from ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. UNDPKO, op. cit. note 6.
28. Timo Pelz and Volker Lehmann, “The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping (1): Hybrid Missions,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, fact sheet (New York: November 2007).
29. Ibid.
30. UNDPKO, op. cit. note 6.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. GPF, “US vs. Total Debt to the UN: 2007,” at www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/core/un-us-07.htm, viewed 8 February 2008. 34. GPF, “Debt of 15 Largest Payers to the Peacekeeping Budget 2007,” at www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/pko/due2007.htm, viewed 8 February 2008.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37.Worldwatch Institute database, compiled from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, at www.sipri.org/contents/conflict/database-Intro, viewed 1 January 2008; from Center for International Peace Operations, Berlin, Germany, www.zif -berlin.org, viewed 2 January 2008; from Future of Peace Operations Program, “Numbers of Uniformed Personnel in Peace Operations at Mid-Year, 1948–2006,” undated, supplemental material to William J. Durch and Tobias C. Berkman, Who Should Keep the Peace? Providing Security for Twenty-First-Century Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center, 2006); and from a broad variety of newspaper articles and other sources.
38.Worldwatch Institute database.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
